Recognizing the Signs of Cancer in Children

As a parent, the thought of your child developing cancer can be incredibly unsettling. While cancer in children is relatively rare, it’s important to be aware of the potential warning signs so you can seek medical attention promptly if needed. Early detection and treatment are crucial for the best possible outcomes.

Common Childhood Cancers 

Leukemia 

Leukemia is the most prevalent childhood cancer, accounting for about 30% of all pediatric cancer diagnoses. Leukemia is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow that results in the overproduction of immature white blood cells. The two main types of childhood leukemia are acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

Brain and Central Nervous System (CNS) Tumors 

Brain and CNS tumors are the second most common childhood cancers, making up around 26% of cases. These solid tumors can develop in the brain, spinal cord, or surrounding tissues. Common types include astrocytomas, medulloblastomas, and ependymomas.

Lymphoma 

Lymphomas are cancers that originate in the lymphatic system. This includes both Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Lymphomas make up about 8% of childhood cancer diagnoses.

Solid Tumors 

This broad category encompasses a variety of solid cancerous growths, including: 

• Neuroblastoma (a tumor that starts in immature nerve cells) 
• Wilms tumor (a kidney cancer) 
• Rhabdomyosarcoma (a muscle cancer) 
• Osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma (bone cancers) 

Solid tumors account for about 30% of childhood cancer cases.

Potential Warning Signs 

While some symptoms of childhood cancer can resemble common childhood illnesses, it’s important to watch for any unusual or persistent signs. Some red flags to be aware of include: 

• Unexplained fever, fatigue, or loss of appetite 
• Easy bruising or unexplained bleeding 
• Lumps, bumps, or swollen lymph nodes 
• Frequent headaches, often with early morning vomiting 
• Bone or joint pain 
• Changes in vision, balance, or neurological function 

If your child is experiencing any of these symptoms, especially if they persist for more than a couple of weeks, be sure to bring them to the pediatrician right away. Early detection gives the best chance for successful treatment. 

Diagnostic Process 

If cancer is suspected, the doctor will order various tests, which may include: 

• Blood tests to check for abnormalities 
• Imaging scans like CT, MRI, or PET scans 
• Biopsy to collect a sample of the suspicious tissue 

Once a diagnosis is confirmed, the doctor will work with you to determine the best course of treatment, which could include chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, or a combination.